Saturday, 30 November 2019
Thursday, 28 November 2019
Tuesday, 26 November 2019
Monday, 25 November 2019
How Money Began - Comprehension IELTS 5
Paragraph-1
Picture a large picture large, open space a small group of people suddenly appear, lay down some food and an axe and some people simple clothing. Soon another group appear, inspect the goods, take some of them, and offer others in exchange - some chickens, perhaps some knives and a sack of corn. What is happening is the very early form of buying and selling, in other words the process known as 'bartering'.
Paragraph-2
In effect, this early system of buying and selling went on for a very long time effect before money as we know it appeared. Of course, bartering seems laborious compared to the convenience of coins and notes for buying things. But often this simple form of trading relied on something that had a common value for everyone. In many ancient communities this came in the form of cattle. A warrior's armour could be worth a hundred oxen, or even human beings, principally those who were employed as servants, could be valued in terms of cattle. One servant might be priced at four oxen.
Paragraph-3
Moreover, cattle were easily movable, and had practical worth; they meant food or the ability to work the land. In some communities, horses came to be seen as a form of money, especially in wild, open country where they represented the only method of travel. Until quite recently, for people living in the vast, lonely plains of southern Russia, the number and quality of the horses they owned decided how wealthy they were. Their necessity as a means of travel gave them all the value that other people came to calculate later in terms of coins and notes.
Paragraph-4
Yet the system of bartering could not last forever. As communities grew and developed, the greater the variety of goods there was for bartering. So it became more and more difficult to decide what one thing was worth compared with another. In a world without money, how do you work out how many apples you need to get something like a pair of boots or a cloak? Eventually, a very basic form of money appeared, often things such as knives, swords or axe-heads , made in a small size. Being fashioned out of metal, they had a special value, since it required a great deal of labour to extract metal from the earth.
Paragraph-5
However, a currency emerged which would remain popular for a very long time and over a wide area, and that was the cowrie shell. His shell is a small oval shape, and home to a small shellfish. The fact that it varies in size from just over a centimeter to 9 or 10 centimeters made it an ideal type of ‘coin’. The bigger the cowrie shell, the greater its buying power.
Paragraph-6
For hundreds of years, cowrie shells were shipped abroad from one source, namely the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, to countries in Africa and the Middle and Far East. Nut the numbers of shells reaching these distant countries were small, and because they were scarce, their power to purchase things increased. Cowrie shells were easy to handle and count up in contrast to the more cumbersome metal implements such as axe-heads and swords, no matter how small their size. What made a cowrie shells a unique form of currency was that they defied any sort of imitation, and imitation was later to threaten the early use of metal coins.
Paragraph-7
Inevitably, though, the cowrie shell began to lose its value, as increased amounts were shipped abroad not only from the Maldives, but elsewhere. Thousands and tons of cowries were sent to Africa alone and this vast quantity meant that their value as money was seriously diminished. Yet right upto the middle of the 20th century the cowrie shell was still used as money in parts of West and East Africa, and little children would hunt for lost cowries on market days, hoping to find enough of them to buy a small toy or something to eat.
Paragraph-8
One country was quietly developing a system of metal coinage long before other ancient communities and that was China. As early as the 12th century BC the Chinese were making coins. Admittedly they were made of cheap metals, but the state guaranteed their value, and made sure that the coins conformed to a recognized shape and design. Each of these coins had a hole bored in it, so that they could be strung together. Since most of them carried a low value, extremely large quantities would be required in everyday trading. The emergence of this new money encouraged an increased in merchants and traders, who in turn ensured that this use of coins would continue to flourish.
Paragraph-9
There was another form of money, too, which China was the first to develop. Although silver or gold could be used when large purchases were involved, these precious metals had to be weighed out in precise amounts, not counted as coins were. To avoid the elaborate procedure of weighing, China developed a substitute form of payment – the banknote. These pieces of paper first appeared in general use in the 9th century A.D. and thereafter found a permanent place in Chinese money. They were issued under the authority of the state, and carried a value equal to a specific number of the metal coins. But it was the guarantee of the state as to the value of these notes that mattered. In fact, the system proved so successful that such banknotes have remained in use throughout the Chinese history. Other countries did not turn to this idea for another six hundred years. When we hand a banknote across the counter of some shop or at a market stall, it is worth remembering that the Chinese invented such a convenient form of money.
Paragraph-10
Later on, other countries were to follow the lead of China and produce metal coins. In Eastern Europe gold and silver were mined in significant quantities and in the leading cities coins were fashioned from these precious metals. Their value earned them a widespread reputation as money worth acquiring in turn their production by the leading cities of Eastern Europe meant that these cities flourished as the most successful trading centers of their time.
Paragraph -11
So the foundations of our modern money system were laid, first by China with its simple metal coinage and useful banknotes, and then by the European cities with their gold and silver coinage. For over two thousand years, coins made of silver or gold or of bronze – for small sums – became the means of payment in more than 80 communities. But gradually cheap imitations would circulate, made of worthless materials and this undermined the value of the real coins. In addition, people began to chip off some of the valuable metals of the coins. Governments were forced to call in all coins, melt them down and then re-issue them. To cover some of the expenses, less of the precious metals would be included in their production.
Paragraph-12
Gradually, coins in circulation lost their value in terms of the metal in them, and nowadays so-called silver coins are made not from silverbut from some cheaper copper based material. However, their buying power is determined by the government authorities, with an official mark stamped on them. Similarly, modern banknotes have this official guarantee as to their value. It seems that we have gone down the same road as the early money men of China. Cheap metal makes up modern coins, as it did in their day, and banknotes have followed the pattern that appeared early in China.
1. What does the author believe was the major disadvantage of bartering?
2. Why did metal objects acquire a ‘special value’ as money? Explain in your own words.
3. Summarize the given passage in 100-150 words.
4. Which process is known as bartering?
a) Process of copying
b) Process of exchange
c) Process of creating
d) Process of skipping
5. Pick the right synonym for the word ‘laborious’.
a) Difficult
b) Endearment
c) Ample
d) Easy
6. In open countries, what was considered as the only method of travelling?
a) Horses
b) Bugs
c) Cars
d) None of the above
7. Why bartering couldn’t last forever?
a) It became difficult to determine the value of the goods.
b) Bartering was not a long term solution
c) It diminish the value of things
d) The needs were increasing
8. Which was the first currency and remain for a long time?
a) Cowrie shell
b) Metal coins
c) Body parts
d) None of the above
9. Why did the cowrie shell lose its value?
a) The export of the cowrie shell increases
b) The import of the cowrie shell increases
c) The metal coins replaced the cowrie shell
d) None of the above
10. When did Chinese start using the banknote for the first time?
a) 12th Century
b) 20th Century
c) 9th Century
d) None of the above
Editable Worksheet for Teachers:
Click here to download above Reading Passage and Questions;
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-sc_uiMW0Mhp45Nv-bl1jGgPdOzn1yui
Reference:
(Reference: GCE O Level Exam Paper November 2003, Paper-2)
(MCQ prepared by Mahrukh Fatima)
Picture a large picture large, open space a small group of people suddenly appear, lay down some food and an axe and some people simple clothing. Soon another group appear, inspect the goods, take some of them, and offer others in exchange - some chickens, perhaps some knives and a sack of corn. What is happening is the very early form of buying and selling, in other words the process known as 'bartering'.
Paragraph-2
In effect, this early system of buying and selling went on for a very long time effect before money as we know it appeared. Of course, bartering seems laborious compared to the convenience of coins and notes for buying things. But often this simple form of trading relied on something that had a common value for everyone. In many ancient communities this came in the form of cattle. A warrior's armour could be worth a hundred oxen, or even human beings, principally those who were employed as servants, could be valued in terms of cattle. One servant might be priced at four oxen.
Paragraph-3
Moreover, cattle were easily movable, and had practical worth; they meant food or the ability to work the land. In some communities, horses came to be seen as a form of money, especially in wild, open country where they represented the only method of travel. Until quite recently, for people living in the vast, lonely plains of southern Russia, the number and quality of the horses they owned decided how wealthy they were. Their necessity as a means of travel gave them all the value that other people came to calculate later in terms of coins and notes.
Paragraph-4
Yet the system of bartering could not last forever. As communities grew and developed, the greater the variety of goods there was for bartering. So it became more and more difficult to decide what one thing was worth compared with another. In a world without money, how do you work out how many apples you need to get something like a pair of boots or a cloak? Eventually, a very basic form of money appeared, often things such as knives, swords or axe-heads , made in a small size. Being fashioned out of metal, they had a special value, since it required a great deal of labour to extract metal from the earth.
Paragraph-5
However, a currency emerged which would remain popular for a very long time and over a wide area, and that was the cowrie shell. His shell is a small oval shape, and home to a small shellfish. The fact that it varies in size from just over a centimeter to 9 or 10 centimeters made it an ideal type of ‘coin’. The bigger the cowrie shell, the greater its buying power.
Paragraph-6
For hundreds of years, cowrie shells were shipped abroad from one source, namely the Maldive Islands in the Indian Ocean, to countries in Africa and the Middle and Far East. Nut the numbers of shells reaching these distant countries were small, and because they were scarce, their power to purchase things increased. Cowrie shells were easy to handle and count up in contrast to the more cumbersome metal implements such as axe-heads and swords, no matter how small their size. What made a cowrie shells a unique form of currency was that they defied any sort of imitation, and imitation was later to threaten the early use of metal coins.
Paragraph-7
Inevitably, though, the cowrie shell began to lose its value, as increased amounts were shipped abroad not only from the Maldives, but elsewhere. Thousands and tons of cowries were sent to Africa alone and this vast quantity meant that their value as money was seriously diminished. Yet right upto the middle of the 20th century the cowrie shell was still used as money in parts of West and East Africa, and little children would hunt for lost cowries on market days, hoping to find enough of them to buy a small toy or something to eat.
Paragraph-8
One country was quietly developing a system of metal coinage long before other ancient communities and that was China. As early as the 12th century BC the Chinese were making coins. Admittedly they were made of cheap metals, but the state guaranteed their value, and made sure that the coins conformed to a recognized shape and design. Each of these coins had a hole bored in it, so that they could be strung together. Since most of them carried a low value, extremely large quantities would be required in everyday trading. The emergence of this new money encouraged an increased in merchants and traders, who in turn ensured that this use of coins would continue to flourish.
Paragraph-9
There was another form of money, too, which China was the first to develop. Although silver or gold could be used when large purchases were involved, these precious metals had to be weighed out in precise amounts, not counted as coins were. To avoid the elaborate procedure of weighing, China developed a substitute form of payment – the banknote. These pieces of paper first appeared in general use in the 9th century A.D. and thereafter found a permanent place in Chinese money. They were issued under the authority of the state, and carried a value equal to a specific number of the metal coins. But it was the guarantee of the state as to the value of these notes that mattered. In fact, the system proved so successful that such banknotes have remained in use throughout the Chinese history. Other countries did not turn to this idea for another six hundred years. When we hand a banknote across the counter of some shop or at a market stall, it is worth remembering that the Chinese invented such a convenient form of money.
Paragraph-10
Later on, other countries were to follow the lead of China and produce metal coins. In Eastern Europe gold and silver were mined in significant quantities and in the leading cities coins were fashioned from these precious metals. Their value earned them a widespread reputation as money worth acquiring in turn their production by the leading cities of Eastern Europe meant that these cities flourished as the most successful trading centers of their time.
Paragraph -11
So the foundations of our modern money system were laid, first by China with its simple metal coinage and useful banknotes, and then by the European cities with their gold and silver coinage. For over two thousand years, coins made of silver or gold or of bronze – for small sums – became the means of payment in more than 80 communities. But gradually cheap imitations would circulate, made of worthless materials and this undermined the value of the real coins. In addition, people began to chip off some of the valuable metals of the coins. Governments were forced to call in all coins, melt them down and then re-issue them. To cover some of the expenses, less of the precious metals would be included in their production.
Paragraph-12
Gradually, coins in circulation lost their value in terms of the metal in them, and nowadays so-called silver coins are made not from silverbut from some cheaper copper based material. However, their buying power is determined by the government authorities, with an official mark stamped on them. Similarly, modern banknotes have this official guarantee as to their value. It seems that we have gone down the same road as the early money men of China. Cheap metal makes up modern coins, as it did in their day, and banknotes have followed the pattern that appeared early in China.
Reading Comprehension
2. Why did metal objects acquire a ‘special value’ as money? Explain in your own words.
3. Summarize the given passage in 100-150 words.
4. Which process is known as bartering?
a) Process of copying
b) Process of exchange
c) Process of creating
d) Process of skipping
5. Pick the right synonym for the word ‘laborious’.
a) Difficult
b) Endearment
c) Ample
d) Easy
6. In open countries, what was considered as the only method of travelling?
a) Horses
b) Bugs
c) Cars
d) None of the above
7. Why bartering couldn’t last forever?
a) It became difficult to determine the value of the goods.
b) Bartering was not a long term solution
c) It diminish the value of things
d) The needs were increasing
8. Which was the first currency and remain for a long time?
a) Cowrie shell
b) Metal coins
c) Body parts
d) None of the above
9. Why did the cowrie shell lose its value?
a) The export of the cowrie shell increases
b) The import of the cowrie shell increases
c) The metal coins replaced the cowrie shell
d) None of the above
10. When did Chinese start using the banknote for the first time?
a) 12th Century
b) 20th Century
c) 9th Century
d) None of the above
Editable Worksheet for Teachers:
Click here to download above Reading Passage and Questions;
https://drive.google.com/open?id=1-sc_uiMW0Mhp45Nv-bl1jGgPdOzn1yui
Reference:
(Reference: GCE O Level Exam Paper November 2003, Paper-2)
(MCQ prepared by Mahrukh Fatima)
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Friday, 15 November 2019
Commonly used Medical Abbreviations
What is the vocabulary? and why is it important. Click here to read it.
Everyone visits hospitals and physicians use different abbreviations in the prescription. Not everyone understands them. There comes a list their original meaning.
Abbreviations
|
Full forms
|
ALS
|
advanced life support
|
Bx
|
biopsy
|
b.i.d.
|
twice a day (from Latin bis
in die)
|
BP
|
blood pressure
|
BR
|
bedrest
|
CAT / CT
|
computed tomography
|
CCU
|
coronary care unit
|
CTU
|
cancer treatment unit
|
CFS
|
chronic fatigue syndrome
|
C/O or c/o
|
complains of...
|
CPE
|
cardiogenic pulmonary edema
|
CRF
|
chronic renal failure
|
CRTx
|
chemoradiotherapy
|
C/S
|
Caesarean section
|
CSR
|
cumulative survival rate
|
CT c/a/p
|
CT scan of chest, abdomen, and
pelvis
|
CXR
|
chest x-ray (chest radiograph)
|
DS
|
diagnosis
|
D/O
|
died of, disorder
|
DOB
|
Date of birth
|
DOH
|
Department of Health
|
ECG
|
electrocardiogram
|
ECHO
|
enteric cytopathic human orphan virus
|
ECP
|
emergency care practitioner
|
ED
|
emergency department
|
ER
|
emergency room
|
ESR
|
erythrocyte sedimentation rate
|
ENT
|
Ear nose and throat
|
Fx
|
fracture
|
F/C/S
|
fevers and/or chills and/or
sweating
|
FP
|
Family Planning
|
Hx
|
history
|
H/A
|
headache
|
HIV
|
human immunodeficiency virus
|
h.s.
|
at bedtime (from Latin hora
somni)
|
Int
|
Internal
|
IR
|
insulin resistance
|
IV
|
intravenous
|
Ix
|
Investigation(s)
|
Lytes
|
electrolytes
|
Mod
|
moderate
|
Na
|
sodium (from Latin natrium)
|
NAD
|
no abnormality detected
|
NB
|
newborn
|
NCS
|
nerve conduction study
|
NED
|
No evidence of disease
|
NLP
|
no light perception (highest degree
of blindness)
|
Non rep.
|
do not repeat
|
OB-GYN
|
obstetrics and gynecology
|
OD
|
overdose
|
Od
|
every day (from Latin omni
die)
|
PMD
|
primary medical doctor
|
q6h
|
once every 6 hours
|
q.n.
|
every night
|
q.i.d.
|
four times each day
|
RXN
|
Reaction
|
Sz
|
seizure
|
SXR
|
skull x-ray
|
Tx
|
Treatment
|
Txp
|
transport (by ambulance)
|
XRT
|
radiotherapy used in cancer
treatment
|
y/o
|
years old
|
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Sunday, 10 November 2019
IELTS Speaking Test Tips
It is never too late to learn and it is never too late to admire those who deserve it. Believe me you deserve the best but for that, working hard is a condition.
When it comes to speaking especially for IELTS, it is not grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, or knowledge which plays more than your emotions, face expressions and confidence. The more you are nervous, the more mistakes you make. Improving your language does matter but along with boosting your confidence.
Many students take reading quotes or listening to motivational speech for granted. This is where they make it wrong. Anything that could drive your mind to studying or better confidence runs well in this scenario.
Quotes and motivational speeches may be search on https://www.youtube.com
When it comes to speaking especially for IELTS, it is not grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, or knowledge which plays more than your emotions, face expressions and confidence. The more you are nervous, the more mistakes you make. Improving your language does matter but along with boosting your confidence.
Many students take reading quotes or listening to motivational speech for granted. This is where they make it wrong. Anything that could drive your mind to studying or better confidence runs well in this scenario.
Quotes and motivational speeches may be search on https://www.youtube.com
Tips For IELTS 7+ Band:
IELTS Speaking test is to judge your basic skills of conversing in English. The more you speak the better judgement examiner makes which results in good bands. Apart from confidence, remember these points to get 7+ bands.
1. Never say only YES or NO.
2. Give your answer as long as possible.
3. Try to show him as much as you can.
4. Short phrases are best in this scenario.
5. Don't add up unnecessary information.
6. Don't pretend like a native. Speech naturally.
7. Sound as if you were talking to your brother.
8. To get a good band, Learn to explain a life in general.
2. Give your answer as long as possible.
3. Try to show him as much as you can.
4. Short phrases are best in this scenario.
5. Don't add up unnecessary information.
6. Don't pretend like a native. Speech naturally.
7. Sound as if you were talking to your brother.
8. To get a good band, Learn to explain a life in general.
9. When you make a small mistake, simply say sorry and repeat the sentence correctly.
10. Ask a question if you don't understand. Don't answer without understanding essence of the question.
If you want to practise your speaking, take help from someone you are not friend of. If you are familiar with one who helps you for practice, you will not know how to answer stranger person and examiner would be stranger for you. Use internet to find who are going to appear in IELTS and ask for help you where you can help them either.
IELTS is jointly owned by the British Council, IDP: IELTS Australia and Cambridge Assessment English. So go for more info. to the following sites.
British Council:
International Education Specialists (IDP):
Cambridge Assessment English:
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Saturday, 26 October 2019
Random Idioms 2
Idioms
|
Meaning
|
Hindlish
|
Hit the books
|
To study
|
Perhna
|
Twist someone’s arm
|
convince
|
Mana lena
|
Sit tight
|
wait patiently
|
Chup ho k intezar krna
|
Ring a bell
|
Sound familiar
|
Suna hua lagna
|
Blow off steam
|
Get rid of strong emotion
|
Jazbat se nijat hasil krna
|
Close but no cigar
|
Almost but not successful
|
Jeet k qareeb ho k haar jana
|
Skate on thin ice
|
Take a risk
|
Khatra mol lena
|
Cut the mustard
|
As good as expected
| Umeed ke mutabiq |
Throw caution to the wind
|
Do without worrying
|
La parwahi se karna
|
Have sticky fingers
|
Likely to steal
|
Jo chori kr skta ho
|
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